| ACP | African, Caribbean and Pacific countries with preferences in the EU Issues: Agricultural preferences Nature: Geographical Website: http://www.acpsec.org | WTO members (60): Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Côte d’Ivoire, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Cuba, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, Vanuatu, Zambia, Zimbabwe WTO observers (8): Bahamas, Comoros, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Liberia, Sao Tomé and Principe, Seychelles, Sudan Not WTO members or observers (11): Cook Islands, Eritrea, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Federated States of, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Somalia, Timor-Leste, Tuvalu |
| African group | African members of the WTO Issues: General Nature: Regional | WTO members (42): Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Côte d’Ivoire, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe |
| Asian developing members | Asian developing WTO members. Announced in document WT/GC/COM/6 of 27 March 2012 Issues: General Nature: Regional Documents: WT/GC/COM/6 | WTO members (31): Bahrain, Kingdom of, Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Chinese Taipei, Hong Kong, China, India, Indonesia, Jordan, Korea, Republic of, Kuwait, the State of, Kyrgyz Republic, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Macao, China, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Viet Nam |
| APEC | Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum Issues: General Nature: Regional Website: http://www.apec.org | WTO members (21): Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Chile, China, Chinese Taipei, Hong Kong, China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Republic of, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Russian Federation, Singapore, Thailand, United States, Viet Nam |
| ASEAN | Association of Southeast Asian Nations Issues: General Nature: Regional Website: http://www.asean.org | WTO members (10): Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam |
| EU | European Union Issues: General Nature: Customs union Website: http://ec.europa.eu | WTO members (29): Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, European Union (formerly EC), Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom |
| Mercosur | Common Market of the Southern Cone, a customs union (Mercosul in Portuguese) Issues: General Nature: Customs union Website: http://www.mercosur.int | WTO members (4): Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay |
| G-90 | African Group + ACP + least-developed countries Issues: General | WTO members (69): Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Côte d’Ivoire, Cabo Verde, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Cuba, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Fiji, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, Vanuatu, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe WTO observers (10): Afghanistan, Bahamas, Bhutan, Comoros, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Liberia, Sao Tomé and Principe, Seychelles, Sudan Not WTO members or observers (12): Cook Islands, Eritrea, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Federated States of, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Somalia, South Sudan, Timor-Leste, Tuvalu |
| Least-developed countries (LDCs) | Least developed countries: the world’s poorest countries. The WTO uses the UN list (pdf) available here: www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/ldc_info.shtml Issues: General Website: http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/ldc/ldc_list.pdf | WTO members (34): Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Vanuatu, Yemen, Zambia WTO observers (8): Afghanistan, Bhutan, Comoros, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Liberia, Sao Tomé and Principe, Sudan Not WTO members or observers (6): Eritrea, Kiribati, Somalia, South Sudan, Timor-Leste, Tuvalu |
| Small, vulnerable economies (SVEs) — agriculture | This list is based on sponsors of proposals. See also: list in Annex I of the 6 December 2008 revised draft agriculture modalities, and footnote 11 (paragraph 65) and paragraph 157-159. Issues: Agriculture | WTO members (15): Barbados, Bolivia, Plurinational State of, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Fiji, Guatemala, Honduras, Maldives, Mauritius, Mongolia, Nicaragua, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Trinidad and Tobago |
| Small, vulnerable economies (SVEs) — NAMA | This list is based on sponsors of proposals. See also: definition in paragraph 13 of the 10 July 2008 revised draft NAMA modalities Issues: NAMA | WTO members (20): Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Bolivia, Plurinational State of, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Fiji, Grenada, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Maldives, Mongolia, Nicaragua, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago |
| Small, vulnerable economies (SVEs) — rules | Sponsors of TN/RL/W/226/Rev.5 Issues: Rules (fisheries subsidies) Documents: TN/RL/W/226/Rev.5 | WTO members (15): Barbados, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Fiji, Honduras, Jamaica, Maldives, Mauritius, Nicaragua, Papua New Guinea, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Tonga |
| Recent new members (RAMs) | Recently acceded members (RAMs), ie, countries that negotiated and joined the WTO after 1995, seeking lesser commitments in the negotiations because of the liberalization they have undertaken as part of their membership agreements. Excludes least-developed countries because they will make no new commitments, and EU members Issues: General | WTO members (19): Albania, Armenia, Cabo Verde, China, Chinese Taipei, Ecuador, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Georgia, Jordan, Kyrgyz Republic, Moldova, Republic of, Mongolia, Oman, Panama, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of, Tonga, Ukraine, Viet Nam |
| Low-income economies in transition | Seeking to secure the same treatment as least-developed countries. (Georgia formally withdrew, but in the agriculture draft the full list is: Albania, Armenia, Georgia, Kyrgyz Rep, Moldova) Issues: Agriculture | WTO members (3): Armenia, Kyrgyz Republic, Moldova, Republic of |
| Cairns group | Coalition of agricultural exporting nations lobbying for agricultural trade liberalization. Issues: Agriculture Website: http://www.cairnsgroup.org | WTO members (20): Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, Plurinational State of, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, Uruguay, Viet Nam |
| Tropical products | Coalition of developing countries seeking greater market access for tropical products Issues: Agriculture | WTO members (8): Bolivia, Plurinational State of, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru |
| G-10 | Coalition of countries lobbying for agriculture to be treated as diverse and special because of non-trade concerns (not to be confused with the Group of Ten Central Bankers) Issues: Agriculture | WTO members (9): Chinese Taipei, Iceland, Israel, Japan, Korea, Republic of, Liechtenstein, Mauritius, Norway, Switzerland |
| G-20 | Coalition of developing countries pressing for ambitious reforms of agriculture in developed countries with some flexibility for developing countries (not to be confused with the G-20 group of finance ministers and central bank governors, and its recent summit meetings) Issues: Agriculture Website: http://www.g-20.mre.gov.br | WTO members (23): Argentina, Bolivia, Plurinational State of, Brazil, Chile, China, Cuba, Ecuador, Egypt, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, South Africa, Tanzania, Thailand, Uruguay, Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of, Zimbabwe |
| G-33 | Also called “Friends of Special Products” in agriculture. Coalition of developing countries pressing for flexibility for developing countries to undertake limited market opening in agriculture Issues: Agriculture | WTO members (46): Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Plurinational State of, Botswana, Côte d’Ivoire, China, Congo, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kenya, Korea, Republic of, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mongolia, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Uganda, Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of, Zambia, Zimbabwe |
| Cotton-4 | West African coalition seeking cuts in cotton subsidies and tariffs Issues: Agriculture (Cotton) | WTO members (4): Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali |
| NAMA-11 | Coalition of developing countries seeking flexibilities to limit market opening in industrial goods trade Issues: NAMA | WTO members (10): Argentina, Brazil, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Namibia, Philippines, South Africa, Tunisia, Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of |
| Paragraph 6 countries | Group of countries with less than 35% of non-agricultural products covered by legally bound tariff ceilings. They have agreed to increase their binding coverage substantially, but want to exempt some products. (In paragraph 6 of the first version of the NAMA text, later paragraph 8.) Issues: NAMA | WTO members (12): Côte d’Ivoire, Cameroon, Congo, Cuba, Ghana, Kenya, Macao, China, Mauritius, Nigeria, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Zimbabwe |
| Friends of Ambition (NAMA) | Seeking to maximize tariff reductions and achieve real market access in NAMA. (Some nuanced differences in positions.) Issues: NAMA | WTO members (35): Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, European Union (formerly EC), Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States |
| Friends of A-D Negotiations (FANs) | Coalition seeking more disciplines on the use of anti-dumping measures Issues: Rules (anti-dumping) | WTO members (15): Brazil, Chile, Chinese Taipei, Colombia, Costa Rica, Hong Kong, China, Israel, Japan, Korea, Republic of, Mexico, Norway, Singapore, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey |
| Friends of Fish (FoFs) | Informal coalition seeking to significantly reduce fisheries subsidies. From time to time other WTO members also identify themselves as “Friends of Fish” Issues: Rules (fisheries subsidies) | WTO members (11): Argentina, Australia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Iceland, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, United States |
| “W52” sponsors | Sponsors of TN/C/W/52, a proposal for “modalities” in negotiations on geographical indications (the multilateral register for wines and spirits, and extending the higher level of protection beyond wines and spirits) and “disclosure” (patent applicants to disclose the origin of genetic resources and traditional knowledge used in the inventions). The list includes as groups: the EU, ACP and African Group. * Dominican Rep. is in the ACP and South Africa is in the African Group, but they are sponsors of TN/IP/W/10/Rev.2 on geographical indications Issues: Intellectual property (TRIPS) Documents: TN/C/W/52 | WTO members (109): Albania, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Austria, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Côte d’Ivoire, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, China, Colombia, Congo, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, European Union (formerly EC), Fiji, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Kenya, Kyrgyz Republic, Latvia, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Moldova, Republic of, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, United Kingdom, Zambia, Zimbabwe |
| Joint proposal (in intellectual property) | Sponsors of TN/IP/W/10/Rev.4 proposing a database that is entirely voluntary Issues: TRIPS GI register Website: http://www.wto.org/trips#issues Documents: T | WTO members (20): Argentina, Australia, Canada, Chile, Chinese Taipei, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Israel, Japan, Korea, Republic of, Mexico, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Paraguay, South Africa, United |
Groups in the negotiations (PSC Important Must Read)
A quantitative relation between induced emf and rate of change of flux linkage is known as- (ESE 2013 Electrical Engineering Paper 1 (Objective)) -1
- Maxwell's Law
- Stoke's Law
- Lenz's Law
- Faraday's Law
The effort of whom of the following led to the "age of consent act -1891"..? (UPSC-CPF-2007)
A Rabindranath Tagore
B M.G rande
C Surendranath Banerjee
D Malbari
B M.G rande
C Surendranath Banerjee
D Malbari
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